https://repositorio.fleni.org.ar/xmlui/handle/123456789/28 Fri, 28 Aug 2026 12:32:55 GMT 2026-08-28T12:32:55Z https://repositorio.fleni.org.ar/xmlui/handle/123456789/1573 Recognition memory in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's dementia : a systematic review Russo, María Julieta; Bueri, José; Ferrara, Lucía Alba; Labos, Edith; Sevlever, Gustavo Emilio; Allegri, Ricardo Francisco Background: Episodic memory impairment is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is already present in its prodromal stage. While recall deficits are well established as predictors of memory performance, the role of recognition memory-particularly the dissociation between familiarity and recollection-remains less explored. Objective: This systematic review aims to synthesize current evidence on recognition memory performance in healthy controls (HC), individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and those with AD, with a focus on the distinct contributions of familiarity and recollection processes. Methods: We searched PubMed (MEDLINE), Science Direct, PubPsych, and TRIP Medical databases for studies published until November 2025, which investigated recognition memory performance in individuals with MCI and AD including validated memory tools (such as scales, indices, scores, tests, and assessments). Forty-six studies (n = 3996) met the criteria and were included. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022343750. Results: Most studies were cross-sectional and conducted in memory clinics or research centers, with considerable heterogeneity in sample size and assessment tools. The majority utilized experimental paradigms to differentiate familiarity and recollection, though traditional memory tests remain prevalent. Across studies, recollection was consistently impaired in MCI and AD, while familiarity showed a more variable pattern-often preserved in early MCI but impaired in advanced stages and AD. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies revealed that hippocampal atrophy is closely linked to recollection deficits, while alterations in entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices are associated with familiarity impairment. Combined deficits in recall and recognition, especially when recognition impairment reflects encoding failure, robustly predict conversion to dementia. Conclusions: Recognition memory assessment, particularly the dissociation between familiarity and recollection, provides valuable information for early detection and prognosis in the AD continuum. Incorporating nuanced recognition memory measures into clinical practice may improve diagnostic specificity and facilitate timely interventions. Further longitudinal research is needed to validate recognition memory as a predictor of dementia progression and to standardize its assessment in diverse populations. Tue, 06 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://repositorio.fleni.org.ar/xmlui/handle/123456789/1573 2026-01-06T00:00:00Z https://repositorio.fleni.org.ar/xmlui/handle/123456789/1561 Paramagnetic Rim Lesions and Development of Clinical MS in Radiologically Isolated Syndrome Lim, Timothy Reynold; Suthiphosuwan, Suradech; Gaitán, María Inés; Marrodán, Mariano; Horwath, Elizabeth A.; Guenette, Melanie; Bharatha, Aditya; Sati, Pascal; Absinta, Martina; Correale, Jorge; Shinohara, Russell; Reich, Daniel S.; Oh, Jiwon Importance: Most people with radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) have high proportions of white matter lesions (WMLs) demonstrating the central vein sign (ie, central vein sign-positive lesion [CVS+L]) and at least 1 paramagnetic rim lesion (PRL), representing perivenular lesion development and chronic active demyelination, respectively. Whether these imaging measures predict developing clinical multiple sclerosis (MS) in people with RIS is not yet known. Objective: To determine the prognostic value of various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures, particularly PRLs and CVS+L, in predicting clinical MS in people with RIS. Design, setting, and participants: This was a multicenter prospective cohort study conducted from 2011 and 2024. Participants older than 18 years and fulfilling published RIS criteria were consecutively recruited from 3 large academic MS centers. Exposures: Participants underwent 3-T MRI including brain and spinal cord (SC) sequences and longitudinal clinical assessments. MRIs were evaluated for the total WML, PRL, and SC lesion (SCL) counts as well as the proportion of CVS+L. Main outcomes and measures: The primary outcome was the development of clinical symptoms of MS. Time-varying Cox regression assessed the association between PRLs and symptom onset. Elastic net regression identified key predictors, incorporating PRLs, age, sex, and SCL. Results: A total of 79 eligible people with RIS were included (36 [46%] in the discovery cohort [DC], 43 [54%] in the validation cohort [VC]). Of the initial 46 DC participants, 10 withdrew or were lost to follow-up, whereas all VC participants completed follow-up. In the DC (median [IQR] age, 40 [31-51] years; 25 female [70%]; median [IQR] follow-up, 6.4 [5.0-9.1] years), 9 of 36 people with RIS (25%) developed MS (median [IQR] time, 5.2 [5.0-6.8] years). In the VC (median [IQR] age, 43 [36-51] years; 23 female [53%]; median [IQR] follow-up, 4.4 [2.5-7.9] years), 9 of 43 people with RIS (21%) developed MS (median [IQR] time, 4.4 [2.5-4.7] years). Higher PRL count was associated with earlier symptom onset between 5 and 30 years after initial RIS diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR], 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05-1.26; P = .004) in the DC, replicated in the VC (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.00-2.27; P = .04). In the DC, having 4 or more PRLs (odds ratio [OR], 14.64; 95% CI, 2.00-207.23; P = .02) and higher PRL count (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03-1.32; P = .02) predicted clinical MS. In the VC, having any PRL was significantly associated with developing clinical MS (OR, 20.90; 95% CI, 2.35-533.30; P = .02). Conclusions and relevance: Study findings suggest that accrual of nonresolving chronic inflammation in WML portends development of clinical MS in people with RIS, which may have clinical utility in guiding treatment decisions across the MS spectrum and strengthens the case for including asymptomatic MS in the diagnostic criteria. There is growing recognition that early detection of most chronic neurological diseases is critical to prevent or diminish future disability, and these findings are a specific example of how this principle might operate in practice. Sun, 01 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://repositorio.fleni.org.ar/xmlui/handle/123456789/1561 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z https://repositorio.fleni.org.ar/xmlui/handle/123456789/1528 Glial Plasticity and Dysfunction : Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities in Neurodegeneration Correale, Jorge Recent advances, including single-cell transcriptomics, lineage tracing, and in vivo imaging, have unveiled the heterogeneity, plasticity, and functional versatility of astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells. These cells respond to metabolic and immune cues, participate in synaptic regulation, and provide metabolic and trophic support to neurons. Their dual roles in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration underscore the complexity of their contributions across CNS disorders. This review examines the diverse physiological and pathological roles of glia, emphasizing their involvement in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Mechanisms including metabolic dysfunction, inflammatory polarization, glial-immune crosstalk, and extracellular vesicle-mediated signaling are critically discussed. Emerging therapeutic strategies, ranging from glial reprogramming and senolytic therapies to the use of engineered extracellular vesicles and metabolic modulators, are evaluated for their potential to harness glial plasticity and mitigate disease progression. The review also outlines current challenges in translating glial biology into clinical interventions, including cellular heterogeneity, delivery barriers, and the need for specific biomarkers. A glia-centered therapeutic paradigm offers promising avenues to restore CNS homeostasis and promote regeneration in neurodegenerative diseases. Wed, 01 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://repositorio.fleni.org.ar/xmlui/handle/123456789/1528 2026-04-01T00:00:00Z https://repositorio.fleni.org.ar/xmlui/handle/123456789/1522 Collaborative Latin American Imaging Network In Neuroimmunology Research (BRAIMS) : Rationale, Structure, Challenges, and Future Directions Carnero Contentti, Edgar; Alonso, Ricardo; Boldrini, Vinícius; Cárcamo, Claudia A.; Casas, Magdalena; Ciampi, Ethel; Damasceno, Alfredo; dos Santos Silva, Jonadab; de Medeiros Rimkus, Carolina; Marrodán, Mariano; Navas, Carlos; Patrucco, Liliana; Pitombeira, Milena; Ramari, Cintia; Sato, Henry Koiti; Soler, Bernardita; Treviño Frenk, Irene; Wagner, Mario; Ontaneda, Daniel; Becker, Jefferson Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a central role in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and monitoring of neuroimmunological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). However, in Latin America (LATAM), variability in healthcare systems, imaging infrastructure, technical protocols, and subspecialized expertise limits the implementation of standardized MRI-based approaches and contributes to heterogeneity in diagnostic pathways and clinical decision-making. In this context, the Collaborative Latin American Imaging Network in Neuroimmunology Research (BRAIMS) was established as a regional initiative to strengthen MRI research and clinical practice in neuroimmunological diseases. BRAIMS emerged from a collaborative effort among neuroimmunologists, neuroradiologists, and researchers across multiple LATAM countries, with the aim of promoting methodological alignment, facilitating multicenter research, and generating region-specific real-world evidence. The network is structured to integrate core and collaborating centers under a coordinated governance model, enabling the development of shared research agendas and collaborative projects. Initial priorities include mapping MRI availability and practices across the region, standardizing acquisition protocols and reporting frameworks, identifying imaging-related sources of diagnostic variability, and developing consensus-based recommendations adapted to resource-variable settings. Despite sustained growth in neuroimmunology expertise in LATAM, important challenges persist, including unequal access to MRI technology, limited availability of advanced imaging techniques, variability in interpretation, and diagnostic complexity in populations with diverse clinical and epidemiological characteristics. By fostering regional collaboration and strengthening integration with international initiatives, BRAIMS aims to generate context-specific evidence, improve diagnostic accuracy, and enhance research capacity. This initiative represents a shift toward the production of regionally driven data, with the potential to contribute meaningfully to global neuroimmunology research and reduce disparities in access to high-quality neuroimaging. Mon, 01 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://repositorio.fleni.org.ar/xmlui/handle/123456789/1522 2026-06-01T00:00:00Z