Resumen:
Background: Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts
and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), the most common hereditary small vessel
disease, leads to early-onset stroke and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Despite
its importance, data from Latin America remain scarce. The CADASIL Argentine
registry (CADASILAr) was created to harmonize clinical data, promote international
collaboration, and provide a reproducible, longitudinal framework to study disease
progression and expand to neighboring countries. This study aims to present the cohort
design and preliminary results from the cross-sectional phase.
Method: CADASILAr was developed to document demographic, clinical, imaging,
and genetic features of CADASIL patients and to explore factors associated with
disease progression and cognitive decline in an Argentinian multisite cohort. The study
includes two phases: (1) a cross-sectional phase (CADASILAR-C) and (2) a longitudinal
phase (CADASILAR-Long), following adults aged ≥18 years with genetically confirmed
or suspected CADASIL. Variables collected include demographics, symptom onset,
clinical features, neuroimaging, genetic data, and vascular risk factors. The study
also examines socio-economic disparities, integrates biobanks, and harmonizes data
collection with international CADASIL and dementia registries. Longitudinal followups are planned annually over 5 years (Figure 1), with cognitive batteries aligned with
international cohorts and a brain donation program to establish a CADASIL brain bank
in Argentina.
Result: Preliminary data from 90 patients (50% female) show a mean age of 43.8±11.9
years, with family history in 91.6% (Figure 2). The most common clinical presentations
were cerebrovascular events (72.9%), cognitive impairment (56.7%), and migraine (69%). The most frequent comorbidities included hypertension (64%) and dyslipidemia
(55%). Among 86 confirmed cases, 63 were diagnosed through genetic testing and 20
through skin biopsy. Genetic analysis identified cysteine-altering NOTCH3 mutations
in all confirmed cases, predominantly affecting epidermal growth factor-like repeats
(Figure 3). Of the 33 patients assessed with the MMSE, the median score was 28 (IQR:
22–29).
Conclusion: CADASILAr is the first systematic effort to study this disease in Latin
America and the twelfth global CADASIL registry. By integrating baseline and
longitudinal data, it offers a robust platform to investigate genetic, neuroimaging, and
cognitive outcomes while fostering international collaborations to advance research
and understanding of CADASIL.